Уткина Е. Б.

Purpose. To assess the impact on the atmospheric air quality and to calculate environmental risks due to burning of illegal landfills. Methods. Field and laboratory methods and analytical data processing. Results. The research has shown that the main pollutants in the combustion of solid waste are nitrogen dioxin, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, soot, and undifferentiated dust. At the point of emission of pollutants into the atmosphere, the maximum concentration limits of these substances significantly exceed the max allowable ones. In particular, the MAC of NO2 was exceeded in 45 times, CO – in 22 times, soot - in 210 times, SO2 – in 40.8 times, the MAC of undifferentiated dust was exceeded in 120 times. The results of pollutant emissions obtained empirically were significantly differ from those calculated by using the existing methodology. For undifferentiated dust, the results of field measurements exceed the calculated in 73.2 times, for sulfur dioxide – in 10.4 times, for nitrogen dioxide – in 3.5 times, for carbon monoxide - in 6.7 times, for soot - in in 76.8 times. The calculation of pollutant scattering using the EOL + program showed that the combustion of solid waste in a landfill on the border of residential area will exceed the maximum concentration limits for three substances. The calculation of risks for the population was performed. Conclusions. Risk calculations for the population has showed that the impact of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances is minimal, i.e. acceptable. The overall risk over a lifetime is also minimal (acceptable). Unauthorized landfill, of course, must be removed with the subsequent restoration of damaged components of the environment.

The article is devoted to identification of peculiarities of heavy metals translocation as dominant anthropo-genic pollutants from raw fruit (apples) to treated products - fruit juices and compotes. The area of study covered urban geosystems within the following regions: Poltava, Kharkiv and Donetsk Oblasts. The following apple sorts were studied: Jonathan, White Transparent, Melba, Saffron summer and Starking.. On the basis of the research it was found that the content of Zn and Cu in apples and their products is within the MAC. It was identified that Cd concentration in apples is in 2-12,6 times higher than MAC; data for juices: fresh juice – Cd concentration is 2,3-7 MAC and in apple juice after thermal treatment - 1,3 5.3 MAC, in compote – 2 MAC. According to the total pollution index (У Cdg), raw fruit is the most contaminated with heavy metals (У Cdg = 2,3-13,4), followed by fresh juice (У Cdg = 2,5-7,5), juice after thermal treatment (У Cdg = 1,5-5,7) and compote (У Cdg = 2.0-2.2). Approximately 53% of the total metal content was found in apple peel, while the remaining 47% - in the flesh of apples. After the thermal treatment, almost all metal concentrations decreases: Cd content is reduced by an average of 50% (Ctr = 0.51; Ctr – transition coefficient) and other metals - by 25-35% (Ctr = 0,65-0,75). Heavy metal translocation from apple into compote is considerably lower. Thus, the content of Cd and Zn decreased on average by 70%, and Fe, Mn and Cu - 51-62%. Thermal treatment has a positive effect on reducing the concentrations of heavy metals in juice comparing to the original raw fruit.