Nazaruk M. M.

The main aim of this article is to consider the way geological and geomorphological processes on the planet Earth have influenced intellect, language, mastering of tools, social studies and cooperative behaviour, which helped society develop agriculture, live in the cities and build civilization. The formation of society has covered a long and difficult way on the planet Earth. Today society is regarded as a human being, stipulated by action and communication, a system of social living together, during which a person and his spirituality is formed as a result of a society’s transformation into some kind of its social existence. Man is in the centre of a society, which cannot exist without him. Society is a system of social living together. It originated from nature’s evolution, having acquired its characteristic features from the very beginning. Despite a wide interpretation of nature and society cooperation, we agree that the fundamental correlation of biological and social in our science are considered very simply. The biological is identified as the animal, the geological - as lifeless nature, but social - as human. The formation of ancient civilizations at the junctions of lithospheric plates confirms that the quintessence of inanimate (geological processes) development is precisely the surge of the living - human society. Particularly high concentration of the developed ancient civilizations is found on the Mediterranean-Himalayan-Indonesian seismic belt, where the network of latospheric plates joins. Later, in the process of society's evolution, the influence of the "inanimate" on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the "living" is increasingly manifested. It has been proved that the relief as a result of geological factors "work", acts as the essential lever in it. The isolated development of ancient societies is singled out, caused, first of all, by the environment of mountain systems. Conclusion. We notice that the idea of socio-natural world’s character, the coevolution principle as productive means of cognition and solution to the problem of the society and the Earth planet cooperation acquires an important methodological and world outlook meaning.

Purpose. Describe the categories of environmental risk, the degree of their impact on the environment. Results. The place of ecological risk in the system of environmental impact assessment is substantiated. Modern methodology for environmental risk assessment involves a parallel consideration of risks to human health and environmental risks caused by disturbance of ecosystems and adverse effects on environmental components, risks of deteriorating quality and deteriorating living conditions. The reasons for the risk are unplanned events in the environment that may adversely affect the company, the progress of its plans. These include both predictable and unpredictable events. Risk factors are the conditions under which risk causes may arise. Among them are: political, scientific and technical, socio-economic, environmental and more. Conclusions. In the strategic perspective, it is necessary to improve the national environmental policy and create a national system of environmental safety and an effective system of environmental monitoring as a universal tool for its implementation. One of the tasks of this system is effective environmental risk management.

Peculiarities of the functioning of urbosystems of the Lviv city under the influence of the railway transport were examined. Historical and geographical analysis of the emergence and development of the railway transport in the city of Lviv was carried out. Peculiarities of the railway stations in the city and their impact on the formation of geospatial differences in the development of the city were described. The paper reveals relationships between the physical and geographical conditions and peculiarities of the railway transport development in the city of Lviv. Main features of the railway transport impact on the architecture and the city plan were pointed out. The basic social and ecological problems of the railway stations functioning within the city were outlined.

The philosophical discussions as for the changes of the world outlook conceptions in the gield of society and nature (environment) relations have been observed. The modern cognition of civilized break in the sphere of connections and interaction between society and biosphere leads to the beginning of new branch – the environmental philosophy. The particular attention is paid to the conception of the constant development and its ethical dimensions. The role of environmental philosophy in the organization of sozio-ecological researches is stressed.