Ponomarenko P. R.

The problem of air pollution in the cities of China is known far beyond its borders. It even jeopardized the holding of the XXIX Olympic Games in 2008. Purpose. o determine environmental risks for the population based on the assessment of air pollution in the cities of Beijing, Chengdu and Sanya (PRC). The work was car-ried out on the basis of data from the Chinese online platform «PM2.5 lishishuju» on the condition of air pollu-tion in China’s cities. A comparative assessment of pollutants content in the air has been carried out and the environmental risk for the population of these cities has been calculated. This calculation has been made in accordance with the methodology used in assessing the risk to public health exposed to chemicals that pollute the environment by inhaling substances into the human body. The risk is calculated by comparing the actual exposure level with the safe exposure level and determining the hazard coefficient of exposure to the substance. According to the calculations results, the ranking of substances polluting the air by the magnitude of the hazard coefficient was carried out to determine the highest priority pollutants. The results of the study have showed that the overall risk level for Beijing is 11.6; for the city of Chengdu − 26.4; for the city of Sanya − 4.5. In all studied cities, the overall level of non-carcinogenic risk exceeds the permissible limit value. The greatest contribution to the overall risk of non-carcinogenicity is made by the following elements: in Beijing − suspended solids (PM 2.5) − 40%, in Chengdu − suspended solids (PM 2.5) − 73%, in Sanya − ozone (O3) - 52%. These substances determine the likelihood of negative effects in various organs and systems of the human body. Therefore, in addition to the overall level of risk, the effects on critical organs and systems must also be considered. The re-sults of the study have showed that the respiratory organs are most vulnerable to air pollution in the cities under study. The most dangerous excess is observed in Chengdu − 26.11. A negative effect on the cardiovascular system occurs in two cities: Chengdu − 2.35, and Beijing − 2.30; impact on human development is from 2.30 to 2.35 (respectively, in Beijing and Chengdu). In Sanya, risk indicators do not exceed the permissible level.

The purpose of the research is to establish and analyze the modern territorial structure of the nature management of the city of Kharkiv for further use in the process of its landscape planning. Methods. Visual decoding of satellite images, vectorization of raster images, analysis of topological correctness and mapometric calculation of areas. Results. On the basis of the analysis of satellite images of the city's landscape coverage and its subsequent classification according to the types of nature use, a cartographic work "Territorial structure of the nature management of the city of Kharkiv" was made. A quantitative assessment of the differentiation of different types of nature management has shown that the largest share is occupied by the residential type, represented by residential and public buildings - 39% of the city. The second type of nature use in Kharkiv is the protective and recreational type, which occupies 27% of the entire territory. Industrial type of nature management occupies 15% of the territory of the city of Kharkiv and is represented by industrial enterprises and mining quarries, which accounted for 98% and 2% respectively. The following territorial distribution is the agrarian type of nature use - 9% of the city's area. The largest share of agrarian type occupies the agricultural type of nature use - 67% of the total area of the type. All transport types of nature use together occupy 8% of the city, half of which are streets of local importance (51%). Conclusions. The main tendencies of spatial distribution of types of nature use are revealed, namely: industrial and residential types of nature management, form spatial "agglomerates", much of which tends to the neighborhood with the areas of aquatic nature use; Territories with an agrarian type of nature management are located on the city suburbs and represent "rudimentary" remnants of the "pre-urbanization" nature of nature use, the protective and recreational type has a unconnected territories and does not create the ecological environmental - stabilizing framework of the city. On the basis of the obtained data, the prospects and possibilities of using this approach to inventory cartographic works for the needs of landscape planning of territorial development of cities are presented.