ґрунт

Conservation agriculture is becoming a priority for Ukraine as well as for many countries of the world. It is a known fact that high content of heavy metals in the soil impairs fertility and carries the risk of crops translo-cation. An agroecological effect of obtaining and applying organic-mineral fertilizers has been insufficiently studied so far. The purpose of the work is to determine possibilities to produce new organic-mineral fertilizers based on sewage sludge with enhanced adsorbing properties, to establish their agroecological efficiency. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, statistical-mathematical. Results. From the agroecological point of view, the production process of organic-mineral fertilizers based on the sewage sludge of Kharkiv is justified. It allows us to expand functional capabilities of reagents, enhancing adsorbing properties of heavy metals. It is proved the advantage of organic-mineral fertilizers over the traditional ones on chernozem typical. After fertilization, the content of total carbon in the soil increased, the content of humic acids increased by 1,5 – 2,8 times, fulvic acids – by 1,1 – 1,7 times, the total sum of humic substances – by 1,3 – 2,1 times compared with no fertilizer option. It is established that application of organic-mineral fertilizers promotes blocking of heavy metals in soil and prevents translocation to plant. Maximum yields of corn were obtained after the local application of granular organic-mineral fertilizers – the yield increase was 41% compared to the control, after introduction of bulk fertilizers – 32% compared to the control. Profit was $ 23 -36 per hectare. Conclusions. The process of organic-mineral fertilizers production on the basis of sewage sludge in Kharkiv is substantiated from the agro-ecological point of view. Agroecological and agrochemical efficacy of sewage sludge use as compared to organic and mineral fertilizers applied in equivalent doses separately was established on the typical heavy loam chernozem. After introduction of organic-mineral fertilizers based on sewage sludge a significant increase in the concentration of trace elements and heavy metals was found in the black soil but these indicators did not exceed the established maximum permissible concentrations. The implementation of the proposed technology will reduce bioavailability of heavy metals and their mobility in the soil which, in turn, impedes their accumulation in products. It is expected to increase soil fertility, crop yields and obtain environmentally friendly and safe products due to the stable composition of innovative fertilizers.

Anthropogenic violations of soil cover lead to serious problems and the degradation of the entire natural complex, which in the end poses a threat to human health and life. Purpose. To analyze the area around company ‘Budazot’ (Zhitomirska region, Ukraine) by soil contamination with heavy metals . Methods. The author used QGIS spatial analysis tools and methods of multidimensional statistical analysis (klaster analysis). Results. The soil samples were analyzed in four directions of winds at a distance of 1 km, 2.5 km, 5 km, 10 km at a depth of 20 cm. The main pollutants are: Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Hg. For the interpolation of the concentration fields of these substances, a QGIS interpolation module was used. To obtain an integral picture representing the distribution of soil contamination around the enterprise, it is necessary to form a vector value X that will allow zoning the territory with the use of the cluster analysis algorithm. The area which surrounds company “Budazot” (Zhitomirskiy region, Ukraine) has been assessed. The analysis of soil pollution with heavy metals has been performed for area in question. The initial data concerning soil pollution has been arranged and spatial database designed. There has been developed geographical informational system which was used for zoning area surrounding company “Budazot” with heavy metal pollution. The received bank of spatial data, on the basis of soil sampling analysis, can be updated and used by the company management to further control the pollution of the environment by heavy metals. Conclusion. Soil contamination is spread due to air transfer, since according to the wind rope in this area there is mainly a south-easterly direction of the wind, which requires the construction of additional structures in the places of overloading of the cliffsThe areas with higher level of soil contamination with heavy metals have been revealed.

The results of land tenure research in the agricultural sphere of Eastern Podillya as well as modern ecological state of soils and agricultural landscapes of the land are given; their improvement through introduction of ecological and landscape and organic agriculture.

The ways of improvement of method of the soil drawing a map are offered due to the use of geoinformation technologies. The results of the remote sensing data and digital elevation model combined using for large-scale soil mapping are presented. The integral decoding of this information is considerably improving quality of the created soil maps.

Accumulation of nitrates in vegetables having grown mainly within the limits of the Kremenchug district is exposed in the result of carried out researches. The average and maximum concentrations of nitrates in vegetables were analised. For most vegetables exceeded the MPC only maximum concentrations of nitrate, and the average value of concentration - in the normal range. Causes and factors of nitrate accumulation in crops: non-uniform application of fertilizers spreaders from the use of incomplete, inadequate transportation and storage technologies fertilizers and soil properties, meteorological conditions, morphological and physiological characteristics of individual plants, plant variety, and so on. The measures to reduce nitrate content in vegetable production: the use of slow acting polymeric forms of fertilizers, fertilizer granules coating protective film, capsules, local application of nitrogen fertilizers.

Spatial databases management system significantly enhances the efficiency and productivity of GIS, work-ing as a database interface and tool for analyzing spatial information. Therefore, they are so important for soil mapping. By the local example (Kharkiv region) developed a technique of creating a spatial database to needs of soil-erosion survey of area. An approach to automate the process of field description of soil profiles are proposition.

Reasons of environment pollution by waste motor oils (WMO) and aspects of environmental safety of WMO are considered. The volume of WMO generation by vehicles is calculated for Kharkiv Oblast (year 2013). Economic losses for environment pollution caused by illegal WMO utilization are calculated. Based on experimental researches, ash and sulphur contents were measured. Comparison of obtained data with M40 masut parameters has shown that WMO ash and sulphur contents are higher than the same parameters for masut. In ash from M100 masut ten heavy metals were identified; concentration of all metals (except Cu) is WMO ash was higher than their concentration in M100 masut ash. It is shown that WMO can be utilized through burning only in case of implementation of set of protective measures.

There has been investigated the soils buried under the body of the shaft of the early iron age and modern (background).There has also been carried out comparing them to assess the environmental condition of the landscape with in which the profiles of soil are situated. It has been defined that soil formation processes that underpinned the modern profiles and buried (ancient) soil, are characterized by a combination of processes of capable of the accumulation of substances, radionuclides and heavy metals. It has been determined that the amount of heavy metals lies within background values. The obtained data testify the fact that in the modern (background) soil the heavy metals are being accumulated in arable horizon. It has been fixed that in the modern soil the concentration of heavy metals in profile is a higher than in buried one. This shows the change of conditions and factors that affect geochemistry of the landscape for a long time of their formation