heavy metals

Mycological study of production as an indicator of the ecological state of natural complexes of Transcarpathian region have shown that concentrations of most metals in the se-like fungi do not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations and ranges from a few hundredths to a tenth of its parts. Joint toxicity of edible mushrooms that grow in the environment were the following sequence: champignon → russule → aspen → white fungus aspen white fungus, indicating that the best ecological as mushrooms among the studied mycological sites.

Conservation agriculture is becoming a priority for Ukraine as well as for many countries of the world. It is a known fact that high content of heavy metals in the soil impairs fertility and carries the risk of crops translo-cation. An agroecological effect of obtaining and applying organic-mineral fertilizers has been insufficiently studied so far. The purpose of the work is to determine possibilities to produce new organic-mineral fertilizers based on sewage sludge with enhanced adsorbing properties, to establish their agroecological efficiency. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, statistical-mathematical. Results. From the agroecological point of view, the production process of organic-mineral fertilizers based on the sewage sludge of Kharkiv is justified. It allows us to expand functional capabilities of reagents, enhancing adsorbing properties of heavy metals. It is proved the advantage of organic-mineral fertilizers over the traditional ones on chernozem typical. After fertilization, the content of total carbon in the soil increased, the content of humic acids increased by 1,5 – 2,8 times, fulvic acids – by 1,1 – 1,7 times, the total sum of humic substances – by 1,3 – 2,1 times compared with no fertilizer option. It is established that application of organic-mineral fertilizers promotes blocking of heavy metals in soil and prevents translocation to plant. Maximum yields of corn were obtained after the local application of granular organic-mineral fertilizers – the yield increase was 41% compared to the control, after introduction of bulk fertilizers – 32% compared to the control. Profit was $ 23 -36 per hectare. Conclusions. The process of organic-mineral fertilizers production on the basis of sewage sludge in Kharkiv is substantiated from the agro-ecological point of view. Agroecological and agrochemical efficacy of sewage sludge use as compared to organic and mineral fertilizers applied in equivalent doses separately was established on the typical heavy loam chernozem. After introduction of organic-mineral fertilizers based on sewage sludge a significant increase in the concentration of trace elements and heavy metals was found in the black soil but these indicators did not exceed the established maximum permissible concentrations. The implementation of the proposed technology will reduce bioavailability of heavy metals and their mobility in the soil which, in turn, impedes their accumulation in products. It is expected to increase soil fertility, crop yields and obtain environmentally friendly and safe products due to the stable composition of innovative fertilizers.

The problem of smoking is almost the most common among human addictions, which is very difficult to give up. A person spends a lot of his life neglecting his health to buy cigarettes and get temporary pleasure. The issue of quality and environmental safety of cigarette components – tobacco, tissue paper and filters worries both cigarette consumers and environmentalists, doctors and others. specialists. Of course, the use of low-quality product from cigarette manufacturers harms not only the human body but also the environment. Purpose. Determine the quality and environmental safety (presence of concentrations of heavy metals) of tobacco, cigarette paper and cigarette filters of domestic and foreign brands. Methods. Methods of atomic absorption spectrometry using the atomic absorption spectrometer MGA 915 MD. Results. Experimental studies by atomic absorption analysis on the concentrations of heavy metals in to-bacco, cigarette filters and paper showed the presence of heavy metals: Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb. Studies of vari-ous tobacco brands have found that the highest concentrations of heavy metals were in the tobacco of the cheapest cigarettes (up to 150 mg / kg), in cigarette paper found only Mn, Zn., When comparing the content of the most toxic heavy metals Cd and Pb in the cigarettes "Parliament" and "Kyiv" and "LM" it was determined that in the tobacco of "Parliament" cigarettes HM concentrations are 7–10 times lower.. Conclusions. There is a tendency to decrease the concentration of heavy metals in the components of cigarettes depending on the price category of the tobacco product. Thus, for the most part, the components of cigarettes of domestic brands have tens of times higher concentrations of heavy metals than cigarettes of the American manufacturer.

Investigated and reviewed data regarding the relationship between heavy metal content in the gross and soluble form in water of the Danube. Calculated the average ratios identify the contribution of dissolved forms of metals such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper and nickel in their gross content in water of the Ukrainian part of river Danube. Impact of migration of heavy metals on their content in the bottom sediments

The paper presents results of empirical research regarding trofogeography concentrations of heavy metals in soil and plant production of natural areas and regions of Ukraine. Value of the index calculated by the geographical back-ground of trace elements to vegetables vary in natural areas.

Studies are devoted to the ecological assessment of the pond aquatic ecosystem components, Bobrivka village, Kharkiv district, Kharkiv oblast. Purpose. In order to achieve the goal, it was tasked to determine the seasonal redistribution of hydrochemical indicators, especially the distribution of heavy metals in the system "water-bottom sediments- hydrobionts". Methods. The toxicological analysis of the accumulation of heavy metals in fishery products made it possible to assess the suitability of the pond for fish breeding. It is shown that the hydrochemical parameters fully meet swater quality standards for cultural-household and recreational purposes. Results. Toxicological assessment of water suitability for fish breeding revealed a complex situation in several indicators. The content of free ammonia at all stages of sampling significantly exceeded the MAC values for fish breeding. In autumn, this figure was the highest and was 9.6 MAC. Excess the MAC values for fish breeding is fixed for nitric nitrogen. It is 1.1-4.2 MAC.The toxicological assessment for the water for fishing has shown difficult situation with respect to copper and zinc. For copper and zinc, the maximum excessive MAC was observed in December, its value was respectively 73 MAC and 19 MAC.The total iron concentration, the value of hydrogen indicator and easily soluble organic compounds are within the MAC values.Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd contents in muscle tissues of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio does not exceed the MAC values. Conclusions. A choice of measures is proposed to protect the pond from pollution, which must be performed for the suitability of the water pond for fish breeding.

Anthropogenic violations of soil cover lead to serious problems and the degradation of the entire natural complex, which in the end poses a threat to human health and life. Purpose. To analyze the area around company ‘Budazot’ (Zhitomirska region, Ukraine) by soil contamination with heavy metals . Methods. The author used QGIS spatial analysis tools and methods of multidimensional statistical analysis (klaster analysis). Results. The soil samples were analyzed in four directions of winds at a distance of 1 km, 2.5 km, 5 km, 10 km at a depth of 20 cm. The main pollutants are: Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and Hg. For the interpolation of the concentration fields of these substances, a QGIS interpolation module was used. To obtain an integral picture representing the distribution of soil contamination around the enterprise, it is necessary to form a vector value X that will allow zoning the territory with the use of the cluster analysis algorithm. The area which surrounds company “Budazot” (Zhitomirskiy region, Ukraine) has been assessed. The analysis of soil pollution with heavy metals has been performed for area in question. The initial data concerning soil pollution has been arranged and spatial database designed. There has been developed geographical informational system which was used for zoning area surrounding company “Budazot” with heavy metal pollution. The received bank of spatial data, on the basis of soil sampling analysis, can be updated and used by the company management to further control the pollution of the environment by heavy metals. Conclusion. Soil contamination is spread due to air transfer, since according to the wind rope in this area there is mainly a south-easterly direction of the wind, which requires the construction of additional structures in the places of overloading of the cliffsThe areas with higher level of soil contamination with heavy metals have been revealed.

In article are analysed the content of heavy metals (cadmium, zinc and lead) in the unproductive lands of the Kharkiv region brought out of agricultural cultivation and recommendations of their rational use for afforestation are made. Purpose. To analyse a state accepted for afforestation of the unproductive lands of the Kharkiv region brought out of agricultural cultivation and to give them an agroecological assessment on the maintenance of exchange forms of heavy metals (cadmium, zinc and lead). Methods. Field, laboratory and analytical (nuclear and absorbing) and mathematical. Results. Despite various types of soils and a considerable variety of categories of the lands transferred under afforestation in the Kharkiv region on the maintenance of exchange forms of heavy metals (cadmium, zinc, lead) of excess of agroecological standards in the studied soils it isn't observed. Conclusions. The use of meadow land with forest reclamation of flood plains is to provide them the plantation or forest fringes with a rare placement with fast-growing species, especially poplar.

The article is devoted to identification of peculiarities of heavy metals translocation as dominant anthropo-genic pollutants from raw fruit (apples) to treated products - fruit juices and compotes. The area of study covered urban geosystems within the following regions: Poltava, Kharkiv and Donetsk Oblasts. The following apple sorts were studied: Jonathan, White Transparent, Melba, Saffron summer and Starking.. On the basis of the research it was found that the content of Zn and Cu in apples and their products is within the MAC. It was identified that Cd concentration in apples is in 2-12,6 times higher than MAC; data for juices: fresh juice – Cd concentration is 2,3-7 MAC and in apple juice after thermal treatment - 1,3 5.3 MAC, in compote – 2 MAC. According to the total pollution index (У Cdg), raw fruit is the most contaminated with heavy metals (У Cdg = 2,3-13,4), followed by fresh juice (У Cdg = 2,5-7,5), juice after thermal treatment (У Cdg = 1,5-5,7) and compote (У Cdg = 2.0-2.2). Approximately 53% of the total metal content was found in apple peel, while the remaining 47% - in the flesh of apples. After the thermal treatment, almost all metal concentrations decreases: Cd content is reduced by an average of 50% (Ctr = 0.51; Ctr – transition coefficient) and other metals - by 25-35% (Ctr = 0,65-0,75). Heavy metal translocation from apple into compote is considerably lower. Thus, the content of Cd and Zn decreased on average by 70%, and Fe, Mn and Cu - 51-62%. Thermal treatment has a positive effect on reducing the concentrations of heavy metals in juice comparing to the original raw fruit.

It is shown that two-times application of silicon- potassium concentrate on leaves can optimise not only potassium but also nitrogen and phosphate components of plants. The effectiveness of the detox-effect of silicon- potassium fertilization for leaves is studied. The Pb concentration has decreased in the chestnut leaves in 14 times, Cd concentration – in 2 times. Cd concentration in the linden leaves has decreased in 2 times, Pb concentration – in 1.9 times. In the linden flowers the Cd concentration has decreased in 2.5 times.