Максименко Н. В.

Purpose. Justification of the introduction of sustainable plant components into the green infrastructure of the urban environment in the context of nature-oriented solutions (on the example of Slobodsky district Kharkiv city). Methods. For the development of inventory maps of open urban landscapes of the Slobodsky district Kharkiv city, occupied by lawns and grass stands of the lawn type, the ArcGIS software product was used and methods of traditional economic calculations. Results. The paper presents a scientific rationale for the introduction of an alternative type of lawn - juni-per into the green infrastructure of the city. Its creation is proposed with the help of horizontal juniper cultivars (Juniperus horizontalis), in particular the 'Prince of Wales' cultivar. This plastic plant, resistant to drought, high and low temperatures, has a high aesthetic expressiveness, and forms new standards for urban landscape design. On the basis of the inventory of lawns and grass stands of the lawn type in the Slobodsky district of Kharkiv, the area of lawns that are in an unsatisfactory condition (36478 m2) was determined, and which are proposed to be reconstructed using the above cultivar. Reconstruction of 36478 m2 of grass stand area by creating juniper lawns and their maintenance will cost UAH 802,516 annually for the local budget, while the use of a traditional roll lawn will cost UAH 8,244,028 annually, that is, approximately UAH 7,500,000 more. Over a full cycle, that is, over 30 years, the savings will amount to UAH 225 million. The use of planting material grown at the city's public utilities, which are engaged in landscaping, will further significantly reduce the cost of creating juniper lawns. Conclusions. Green infrastructure has an effective set of tools for the implementation of effective nature- based solutions for environmental management. The incorporation of the 'Prince of Wales' horizontal juniper cultivar into green infrastructure will help ensure urban sustainability and renew standards for sustainable urban landscape design. The increase in the area of urban open landscapes under the juniper lawn allows not only to effectively enhance the ecological and aesthetic functions of the green infrastructure of the city, but also to significantly save local budget funds.

The main aim of this article is to consider the way geological and geomorphological processes on the planet Earth have influenced intellect, language, mastering of tools, social studies and cooperative behaviour, which helped society develop agriculture, live in the cities and build civilization. The formation of society has covered a long and difficult way on the planet Earth. Today society is regarded as a human being, stipulated by action and communication, a system of social living together, during which a person and his spirituality is formed as a result of a society’s transformation into some kind of its social existence. Man is in the centre of a society, which cannot exist without him. Society is a system of social living together. It originated from nature’s evolution, having acquired its characteristic features from the very beginning. Despite a wide interpretation of nature and society cooperation, we agree that the fundamental correlation of biological and social in our science are considered very simply. The biological is identified as the animal, the geological - as lifeless nature, but social - as human. The formation of ancient civilizations at the junctions of lithospheric plates confirms that the quintessence of inanimate (geological processes) development is precisely the surge of the living - human society. Particularly high concentration of the developed ancient civilizations is found on the Mediterranean-Himalayan-Indonesian seismic belt, where the network of latospheric plates joins. Later, in the process of society's evolution, the influence of the "inanimate" on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the "living" is increasingly manifested. It has been proved that the relief as a result of geological factors "work", acts as the essential lever in it. The isolated development of ancient societies is singled out, caused, first of all, by the environment of mountain systems. Conclusion. We notice that the idea of socio-natural world’s character, the coevolution principle as productive means of cognition and solution to the problem of the society and the Earth planet cooperation acquires an important methodological and world outlook meaning.

Purpose. To assess the main trends in the formation of nature reserves and the degree of protection of the territory of Sumy region to determine the directions of development of the regional ecological net-work. Methods. Methods of historical analysis, statistical processing, spatial modeling, evaluation and generalization of the obtained data are used. Results. During the study period since 1991, the area of NPF has increased 5.44 times, and the num-ber of NPF objects - almost 2 times and in 2019 is 275 units. Comparison of administrative districts of Sumy region by the number of NPF objects allows to determine the districts - "leaders": Romensky (37), Sumy and Lebedyn (25 pieces each), Krolevets (24) and districts - outsiders - Buryn (5), Shostka (7) and Velykopysarivsky 8). By the area of the nature reserve fund "leaders" - Putivl district (39298.55 hectares) and Konotop district (32440.7 hectares). The discrepancy between a large number of objects and the area of the NPF prompted the determination of the percentage of reserves and modeling of the relationship between these three indicators. Based on car-tographic visualization and statistical modeling, recommendations have been developed, the main of which are: intensification of the creation of NPF objects of local significance, first of all, in the areas that are most "lagging behind" in the process of bequest; renewal of previously rejected NFP Projects and facil-itate their approval; initiating activities to promote tourist routes on unique natural, historical, ethnograph-ic sites of the NPF for economic support of communities. Conclusions. It is established that the degree of protection of the territory of Sumy region is lower than recommended and averages 7.43%. Spatially, there is a band of high concentration of NPF objects with relatively large areas, which even exceeds the recommended (Konotop, Krolevets and Putivl, or ac-cording to the new zoning - Krolevets district) in the central part of the region, which is surrounded on both sides by areas with low percentage (up to 5%) of protected areas and only the extreme northern and southern parts of the region (Seredino-Budsky, Trostyanetsky, Velykopysarivsky and Okhtyrsky districts) are approaching the norm in terms of the percentage of protected areas. The patterns identified by model-ing allow us to recommend increasing the share of NPF in the total area of the region in two directions - increasing the area of the existing facilities or creating a large number of new ones with small areas.

A comparison of climate change in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere based on the 140-year period of observations at three weather stations (Oxford (UK), St. Petersburg (Russia) and New York (USA)) and predicted by simulation of the Calculations meteovelichin various mathematical methods, including smoothing with moving averag-es (exponential and weighted) used correlation analysis and standard statistical analysis. Proposed to use fractal modeling for the study of nonlinear meteorological processes with indeterminate essence of their characteristics.

Conservation agriculture is becoming a priority for Ukraine as well as for many countries of the world. It is a known fact that high content of heavy metals in the soil impairs fertility and carries the risk of crops translo-cation. An agroecological effect of obtaining and applying organic-mineral fertilizers has been insufficiently studied so far. The purpose of the work is to determine possibilities to produce new organic-mineral fertilizers based on sewage sludge with enhanced adsorbing properties, to establish their agroecological efficiency. Methods. Field, laboratory-analytical, statistical-mathematical. Results. From the agroecological point of view, the production process of organic-mineral fertilizers based on the sewage sludge of Kharkiv is justified. It allows us to expand functional capabilities of reagents, enhancing adsorbing properties of heavy metals. It is proved the advantage of organic-mineral fertilizers over the traditional ones on chernozem typical. After fertilization, the content of total carbon in the soil increased, the content of humic acids increased by 1,5 – 2,8 times, fulvic acids – by 1,1 – 1,7 times, the total sum of humic substances – by 1,3 – 2,1 times compared with no fertilizer option. It is established that application of organic-mineral fertilizers promotes blocking of heavy metals in soil and prevents translocation to plant. Maximum yields of corn were obtained after the local application of granular organic-mineral fertilizers – the yield increase was 41% compared to the control, after introduction of bulk fertilizers – 32% compared to the control. Profit was $ 23 -36 per hectare. Conclusions. The process of organic-mineral fertilizers production on the basis of sewage sludge in Kharkiv is substantiated from the agro-ecological point of view. Agroecological and agrochemical efficacy of sewage sludge use as compared to organic and mineral fertilizers applied in equivalent doses separately was established on the typical heavy loam chernozem. After introduction of organic-mineral fertilizers based on sewage sludge a significant increase in the concentration of trace elements and heavy metals was found in the black soil but these indicators did not exceed the established maximum permissible concentrations. The implementation of the proposed technology will reduce bioavailability of heavy metals and their mobility in the soil which, in turn, impedes their accumulation in products. It is expected to increase soil fertility, crop yields and obtain environmentally friendly and safe products due to the stable composition of innovative fertilizers.

One of the key planned outcomes of Erasmus+ project “Integrated Doctoral Program for Environmental Policy, Management and Technology – INTENSE” is development of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)

Relevance. The development of measures to prevent possible negative environmental, economic and social problems in forest ecosystems should be based on objective information, which may be provided by the process of landscape-environmental planning. Purpose. Analysis of the conflicts of nature use from anthropogenic activity in forest ecosystems to develop measures optimization of environmental management in the process of landscape-ecological planning. Methods. The assessment of conflicts of nature use in forest ecosystems was carried at the test site of the tract "Zarudska Dacha" of Lyubovytsi forestry of the Malinsky district of Zhytomyr region according to the author's method of landscape-ecological planning. Results. Based on the results of the inventory and evaluation phase of landscape-ecological planning, we have obtained information about the landscape differentiation of the test area, internal and external sources of envi-ronmental conflicts, their boundaries, and intensity. The study of the structure of forestry has shown that the sources of conflict are predominantly forest areas and settlements landscapes. The assessment of intensity of the conflicts has shown that medium-intensity conflicts prevail in the territory. Based on the information of matrices of the conflict measures to optimize the use of nature in forest ecosystems have been developed. Conclusions. For optimization of nature use in forest ecosystems, it is recommended: restoration of plantations, control of rational use of forest resources, reduction of the volumes of use of the chemical means on the adjacent fields, organized garbage collection, controlled recreation, etc.

The Green Infrastructure Strategy is used in different directions related to the design, protection and pro-tection of the environment. Purpose. Analyze international experience in using the concept of green infrastruc-ture, identify the main theoretical and practical approaches to assessing green infrastructure, analyze how to integrate green infrastructure strategies into territorial planning and integrate natural resources management in Europe and the world into policies. Methods. Literary search, analysis, synthesis, synthesis. Results. An analysis of scientific sources on the issue of studying the concept of green infrastructure; a review of the literature in related studies that directly or indirectly relate to the green infrastructure. It has been established that there are certain regional differences in the use of the concept of green infrastructure in Europe, America, and Asia. Direc-tions of practical research in this area depend on the goals, functions and existing elements of the green infra-structure. As a result, its methodology can be modified. The possibilities and limitations of its use in Ukraine are revealed. The green infrastructure strategy has the greatest application in Europe and the USA to provide the ecological basis for the economic development of the territory. Now it is characterized as a development inward to greater detail, and in a spatial sense - covering all large areas. Conclusions. Given the lack of implementation mechanisms in Ukraine for the concept of green infrastructure, it is advisable to integrate it into landscape-ecological planning and recommend using it at the local level with subsequent spreading over large areas.

The problem of air pollution in the cities of China is known far beyond its borders. It even jeopardized the holding of the XXIX Olympic Games in 2008. Purpose. o determine environmental risks for the population based on the assessment of air pollution in the cities of Beijing, Chengdu and Sanya (PRC). The work was car-ried out on the basis of data from the Chinese online platform «PM2.5 lishishuju» on the condition of air pollu-tion in China’s cities. A comparative assessment of pollutants content in the air has been carried out and the environmental risk for the population of these cities has been calculated. This calculation has been made in accordance with the methodology used in assessing the risk to public health exposed to chemicals that pollute the environment by inhaling substances into the human body. The risk is calculated by comparing the actual exposure level with the safe exposure level and determining the hazard coefficient of exposure to the substance. According to the calculations results, the ranking of substances polluting the air by the magnitude of the hazard coefficient was carried out to determine the highest priority pollutants. The results of the study have showed that the overall risk level for Beijing is 11.6; for the city of Chengdu − 26.4; for the city of Sanya − 4.5. In all studied cities, the overall level of non-carcinogenic risk exceeds the permissible limit value. The greatest contribution to the overall risk of non-carcinogenicity is made by the following elements: in Beijing − suspended solids (PM 2.5) − 40%, in Chengdu − suspended solids (PM 2.5) − 73%, in Sanya − ozone (O3) - 52%. These substances determine the likelihood of negative effects in various organs and systems of the human body. Therefore, in addition to the overall level of risk, the effects on critical organs and systems must also be considered. The re-sults of the study have showed that the respiratory organs are most vulnerable to air pollution in the cities under study. The most dangerous excess is observed in Chengdu − 26.11. A negative effect on the cardiovascular system occurs in two cities: Chengdu − 2.35, and Beijing − 2.30; impact on human development is from 2.30 to 2.35 (respectively, in Beijing and Chengdu). In Sanya, risk indicators do not exceed the permissible level.

The comprehensive analysis of different looks is conducted to the decision of problem of establishment of interlandscape scopes. On concrete examples complication of their selection is well-proven by geographical tool of research. Leaning against the studied experience of fractal analysis of natural processes and objects, possibility of decision of this problem fractal methods is grounded