Сафранов Т. А.

Purpose. To determine the recreational capacity of the territories of several National Natural Parks (NNPs) of Ukraine, as well as the recreational capacity of the tourist trails of these parks. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is based on a critical analysis of the current approaches to the assessment of a recreational facilities of the Ukrainian NNPs. Various published data sources as well as the data, regarding to the recreational renewal capacity of the territories of the NNPs acquired during own research was used. Results. The area of the reserved core that is larger than a one third of the entire area of the park may be seen in only few parks. Most of the NPPs have an insufficient size of the protected areas. This indicate an unstable and severely disturbed ecological conditions, which threatens the conservation of the biological diversity in these parks. That’s why the increase of the protected areas of these NNPs is highly advisable. In addition to all above, the area of the NNP special use zone should be smaller than the area of the regulated recreational area, which plays a certain environmental role; it can be decreased in a favor of the stationary recreational zone if needed. Unfortunately, these conditions are not met for the most of the studied NPPs. That’s why it is advisable to optimize the functional zoning of the NNPs, which will effectively protect the unique natural complexes and will let use them for the recreational purposes. The capacity, the degree of the resistance to the recreational loads, the level of improvement and the capacity of the tourist routes in each of the spoken NNPs were analyzed. The main criteria for choosing the studied NNPs were their representativeness or representation in terms of a variety of the accommodating regions, the availability of the data based on the physical and geographical characteristics, the length of the tourist routes and the statistcs of the visitors per year. The recreational capacity for the summer season of some NPPs of Ukraine was calculated, while taking into account the standards for each type of the natural complex for the zones of stationary and regulated recreation. Potentially, these zones may be expanded replacing the parts of the reserved special use zone. An assessment of the capacity of some tourist trails of the barely improved NPPs for an unstable and stable category of natural landscape complexes was given. Conclusions. The recreational potential of the researched Ukrainian NPPs is currently underutilized, but with the increase in the flow of the recreants, the recreational areas that are poorly equipped as well as the trails may lead to a deterioration in the state of the natural ecosystems. The functional zones of the stationary and of the regulated parts of the recreational areas of the NNPs may be expanded by migrating some types of the recreational activities to the special use zone of the parks. It is vital to expand the list of the recreational services for recreants, to strive the level of improvement of the tourist trails of the NNPs. If the natural healing resources are present on the territories of the NNPs, it is advisable to organize some centers for the sanatorium treatment, medical and socio-psychological rehabilitation, which will contribute to the creation and an improvement of the medical and the health infrastructure, the activation of recreational activities and the increase in the efficiency of the functioning of the NNP.

Purpose. Characteristics of the packaging waste group and development of such waste classifica-tion systems on various grounds, as well as the definition of areas for effective management and treatment. Methods. System analysis, methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and interpretation. Results. Studies of the municipal solid waste composition in the cities of Ukraine do not allow to fully quantify the packaging waste, but the approximate content of such waste is 10-20%. Packaging waste can be classified by composition, place of generation and treatment options. The classification of packag-ing waste on the basis of the waste hierarchy is the basis for the developed priority number of directions of such waste management. It is indicated that packaging waste is the secondary material resources of the first stage with the available processing technologies. Increasing the extraction rate of packaging waste from the total municipal solid waste flow is a necessary condition for the efficient use of their resource poten-tial and is possible only in case of waste flow differentiation at the beginning of its life cycle. Conclusions. The packaging waste group in the municipal solid waste is characterized by a signifi-cant content and variety of composition, which can be classified on various grounds, such as composition, place of generation and approach to management and treatment. In accordance with the developed priority number of waste management directions, it is necessary to create less packaging, and the existing one is effectively recycled and produced from biodegradable materials. In modern conditions, packaging waste is the most common secondary raw material, but due to the extremely low level of separate collection implementation, such waste loses its resource value and pollutes the environment. Therefore, proper organization of sepa-rate collection is the key to effective utilization of packaging waste.

Purpose. The aim of this research is detection of trends of changes (according to fact and scenario data) of extreme air temperature as a component of thermal regime in different regions of Ukraine because of global climate change. Methods. System analysis, statistical methods. Results. Time distribution of maximum air temperature regime characteristics based on results of obser-vations on the stations located in different regions of Ukraine during certain available periods: Uzhgorod (1946-2018), Kharkiv (1936-2005), Оdessа (1894-2005), аnd also according to scenarios of low (RCP2.6), medium (RCP4.5) and high (RCP8.5) levels of greenhouse gases emissions. Meanwhile, air temperature ≥ 25°С was con-sidered high (days with maximum temperature within 25,0-29,9°С are hot), ≥ 30°С was considered very high (days with such temperature are abnormaly hot). Trends of changes of extreme air temperatures were identified as a component of thermal regime in different regions of Ukraine within global climate changes. Dynamics of maximum air temperature and its characteristics in ХХ and beginning of ХХІ centuries were researched. Ex-pected time changes of maximum air temperature and number of days with high temperature during 2021-2050 were analyzed by RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. There were identified the highest day air temperatures possible once in a century and also possibility of maximum day temperature more than 30°С by RCP4.5 scenario. Well-timed prediction of climate changes will help evaluate their impact on human and natural systems which will be useful for development and taking preventive measures towards minimization of negative influence of such changes. Conclusions. Processes of climate warming in Ukraine are activating. There was determined a strong trend on increasing of average maximum of air temperature in winter with speed 0.17-0,39 degrees centigrade/10 years. According to climatic norm this index mainly increased mostly (up to 3,3 degrees centigrade) in January in North-East of the country. In future such anomalies will grow. Determination of correlation between climate and health is the base for taking protective measures against perils for population health connected with climate.

Purpose. Review of the current situation in the municipal solid waste management area in Ukraine and outline the possible direction of an effective waste management system organization at the regional level. Methods. System analysis, mass balance method, generalization and interpretation. Results. Starting of the European integration process, Ukraine has initiated a number of reforms in the legislative and regulatory sphere of waste management. In particular, the National Strategy of waste management in Ukraine by 2030 was approved; the draft Law of Ukraine “On Waste Management” and others were developed. There are plants for recovering certain types of recyclable raw materials in Ukraine. The model of effective municipal solid waste management at the regional level should be based on baseline conditions: waste composition and available recovery capacity. It is shown that almost half of the municipal solid waste mass is food and garden waste. This means that an effective solid waste management system must be based on the separation and subsequent treatment of such waste, which will allow the achievement of the National Strategy targets. Conclusions. The municipal solid waste problem of is extremely urgent for Ukraine, because in the conditions of mass increasing and composition complication the main method of treatment remains disposal. Changes in legislation and the existing infrastructure for recycling the most common and resource-intensive categories of recyclables require the introduction of effective municipal solid waste management systems. We believe that to achieve a significant result, it is necessary to pay attention to easily-decomposed organic waste. Development a system for the proper collection and further use of such waste will help to achieve significant performance indi-cators of municipal solid waste potential using.

Purpose. Assessment of bioclimatic conditions of cold season on the basis of weather severeness indices and analysis of their dynamics on the territory of Ukraine. Methods. Estimation of possible values of some cold stress indices and their changes in different regions of the country is based on two scenarios А1В and А2. Results. Possible consequences of climate change on human health in Ukraine are considered. On the base of Bodman index and wind chill factor of Siple-Passel, there are given forecast parameters of uncomfortable climate within three periods: 1986-2005, 2011-2030 and 2031-2050 years. According to both scenarios, mean values of Bodman index during the given periods on the major part of Ukraine reach to 2-3 points and this means that during certain winter months and whole winter moderate severe conditions will prevail, though in western and southern areas will dominate slightly severe ones. According to both scenarios, during December-January within first and second periods in some areas of the country even high risk of hypothermia is possible, as well as frostbite of open parts of the skin in 5-10 minutes can occur. The most severe conditions are expected in January-February in Sumy (A1B) and Lugansk (A2), the least severe – in Kropyvnytsky (A1B) and Ternopil (A2). The trend of hypothermia and frostbite conditions change during the winter season in different regions of the country has been analyzed. Conclusions. The trend of decrease of Bodman index prevails on the whole territory of the country during all winter months. Weather conditions in February are the harshest in first and third periods and weather conditions in January-February are the most severe in the second period (А1В), according to another scenario for the whole researched time the harshest conditions are observed in January. In all analyzed time periods, in December winter weather conditions were the most comfortable according to both scenarios. But mostly repeatability of wind chill factor of Siple-Passel prevailed in the interval of 0 ÷ -9 ºC, thus a slight risk of frostbite, some discomfort will be observed. So, in winter expected compounds of low air temperature and wind in certain days in future might cause frostbite of different levels, they will influence on spreading of infections epidemics and «cold» diseases.

We discuss the content and structure of modern ecology and educational aspect of the use of the term “neoecology” when training in ecology, environmental protection and balanced nature.

Purpose. The hygienic aspect of drinking water safety and quality can be defined by the indices of epidemic safety, sanitary, chemical and radiation indices, as well as the optimal content of mineral substances, i.e. a mineral composition adequate to the physiological need of a human body: total hardness, total alkalinity, the content of iodine, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, fluorine and solid residual (mineralization) Assessment of drinking water mineralization as indicator of water quality. Possible impact of mineralization level to the health of population in urbanized territories of Ukraine. Methods. Assessment of drinking water mineralization level is based on water supply organizations providing the investigations in the different urbanized territories of Ukraine. Results. The estimation of drinking water mineralization from surface and underground sources for water supply of local urbanized territories of Ukraine had been done. Also the analysis of water quality indicator in this content and possible influence on human health had been presented. Conclusions. Fluctuations of mineralization and indicators of the physiological usefulness of the mineral composition compared with the range of optimum had been marked as a distinguishing. After clearing underground waters in pumped-out complexes, their mineralization is usually reduced to an optimal value, but also significantly reduces the concentration of calcium, magnesium and other essential elements. Numerous literary indications indicate a connection between the level of mineralization (composition) of drinking water and the state of health of the population. There is a correlation between the level of mineralization (balance of mineral composition) of drinking water and human health. Long-term consumption of drinking water with an imbalance of essential mineral components can be one of the negative impacts on public health

The problem of dealing with solid household waste (SHW) is the most urgent component of ensuring na-tional security for Ukraine, since the amount of accumulated waste is considered as one of the factors of a pro-gressive ecological and economic crisis. In the face of growing shortages of raw materials, the effective man-agement of solid waste becomes one of the most important areas of resource conservation. The problem of solid waste is relevant to the southern regions of Ukraine, because the volumes of waste accumulated in the region are considered as one of the factors of progressive ecological stress and reduction of recreational potential. Purpose. Justification of cluster structure in the sphere of municipal solid waste treatment for certain regions of Ukraine. Results. The cluster structure in the sphere of municipal solid waste treatment in Odessa and Kherson regions is developed. The cluster structure is represented by three levels: developers of technological and logistic chains; points and the city recycling center, waste sorting enterprises; organizations and institutions that provide business entities first and second levels. Conclusions. The clustering is way of a complex solution of the municipal solid waste treatment problem. The developed structure of the cluster in the sphere of municipal solid waste treatment for certain regions of Ukraine allows to define interrelation of the specified sphere with other branches of regional economy and to solve a problem of generation and accumulation of municipal solid waste with secondary material resources receiving.

Ensuring the sanitary and biological well-being of the country is one of the most important aspects of national security in terms of public health. Hygienic problems caused by pollution of the territory of settlements by waste from production and consumption remain among the priority ones. Purpose. The development of hazardous compound of municipal solid waste classification, which is the precondition of its treatment system in regions of Ukraine. Methods. Critical analysis of the existing provisions on the principles of hazardous compound of municipal solid waste classification and the approaches to treatment of their flows. Results. Classifications of individual components of the hazardous compound in municipal solid waste (medical waste and waste of electrical and electronic equipment) have been proposed. Ensuring ecological well-being in the regions of Ukraine largely depends on the efficiency of the functioning of the system of dealing with hazardous components of Solid Waste in general and with medical waste in particular. The first step in creating a system for handling medical waste is their classification. We have developed a classification of medical waste, in which all of them are divided into three main categories: waste of veterinary clinics (polyclinic); Wastes of humanitarian treatment and prophylaxis establishments, waste of the communal sectorctor For the first time in the classification of medical waste, waste from veterinary clinics was taken into account. Conclusions. The developed classifications of the components of the hazardous compound flow of municipal solid waste, as well as the principles of their use in the sphere of solid waste management, help to prevent the negative impact of these wastes on the environment and transfer a significant part of them to the state of secondary material resources.

Purpose. Assessing the impact of recreational and tourism activities on the environment, the analysis of the main approaches to the greening of this activity in some countries and in Ukraine. Methods. A review and analysis of published materials. Results. The impact of the recreation-tourism activity on environmental conditions is analyzed. Approaches to the formation of ecology oriented types for this sort of activity are evaluated. Recommendations for developing of the sustainable environmental resource management of the recreation-tourism activity in Ukraine are proposed on the base of the international experience obtained from the implementation of ecological concepts for tourism and recreation zones. Conclusions. In Ukraine, the need to practice to create such conditions that the use of technologies and practices to minimize pollution of the environment has become extremely profitable for the organizers of the recreational-tourism activities, environmental authorities, tourists (recreants) and the local population; necessary to carry out the greening of recreational and tourist activities based on the experience and developments in a some developed countries.